For example, when Duke Xing of the rival state of Song was at war with the state of Chu during the Warring States period, he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force, commanded by Zhu, while they were crossing a river.
During the Spring and Autumn period, the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle. Notably, Qin Legalism encouraged practical and ruthless warfare. The resulting city greatly resembled the capitals of other Warring States. Yang also helped construct the Qin capital, commencing in the mid-fourth century BC Xianyang. Lord Shang Yang, a Qin statesman of the Warring States period, advocated a philosophy of Legalism, introducing a number of militarily advantageous reforms from 361 BC until his death in 338 BC. By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism. The state of Qin first began a military expedition into central China in 672 BC, though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen. As a reward, Zhuang's son, Duke Xiang, was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition, during which he formally established the Qin.
One of Feizi's descendants, Duke Zhuang, became favoured by King Ping of Zhou, the 13th king in that line. In 897 BC, under the Gonghe Regency, the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising and breeding horses. During the rule of King Xiao of Zhou, the eighth king of the Zhou dynasty, this area became known as the state of Qin. The modern city of Tianshui stands where this city once was. In the 9th century BC, Feizi, a supposed descendant of the ancient political advisor Gao Yao, was granted rule over Qin City. Popular revolt broke out and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu general, Xiang Yu, who was proclaimed Hegemon-King of Western Chu and Liu Bang, who founded the Han dynasty. These advisors squabbled among themselves, resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin Emperor. When the first emperor died in 210 BC, two of his advisors placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the dynasty. Han Confucians portrayed the legalistic Qin dynasty as a monolithic tyranny, notably citing a purge known as the burning of books and burying of scholars although some modern scholars dispute the veracity of these accounts. Additionally, its military used the most recent weaponry, transportation and tactics, though the government was heavy-handedly bureaucratic. The Qin introduced a range of reforms such as standardized currency, weights, measures and a uniform system of writing, which aimed to unify the state and promote commerce. This allowed ambitious projects involving three hundred thousand peasants and convicts, such as connecting walls along the northern border, eventually developing into the Great Wall of China, and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army. The central government moved to undercut aristocrats and landowners to gain direct administrative control over the peasantry, who comprised the overwhelming majority of the population and labour force. The Qin sought to create a state unified by structured centralized political power and a large military supported by a stable economy. Despite its short reign, however, the lessons and strategies of the Qin shaped the Han dynasty and became the starting point of the Chinese imperial system that lasted from 221 BC, with interruption, development, and adaptation, until 1912 AD. Its 15 years was the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, consisting of only two emperors.
DESTINY 2 TYRANNY OF HEAVEN SERIES
In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), the dynasty was founded by Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The Qin dynasty ( / ˈ tʃ ɪ n/ CHIN Chinese: 秦朝 pinyin: Qín cháo), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( Wade–Giles: Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.
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